Michael Stuart Brown

Michael Stuart Brown
Born	April 13, 1941 (1941-04-13) (age 69) Brooklyn, New York, USA
Nationality	United States
Fields	Biology
Alma mater	University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Known for	Regulation of cholesterol metabolism
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Michael Stuart Brown (born April 13, 1941 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American geneticist and Nobel Laureate. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Joseph L. Goldstein in 1985 for describing the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.

Contents 1 Biography 2 Awards 3 Key Papers 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

Biography

Graduated from Cheltenham High School (Wyncote, PA). Brown graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1962 and received his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1966. Moving to the University of Texas Health Science Center in Dallas, now the UT Southwestern Medical Center, Brown and colleague Joseph L. Goldstein researched cholesterol metabolism and discovered that human cells have low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors that extract cholesterol from the bloodstream. The lack of sufficient LDL receptors is implicated in familial hypercholesterolemia, which predisposes heavily for cholesterol-related diseases. In addition to explaining the underlying pathology of this disease, their work uncovered a fundamental aspect of cell biology - Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Their findings led to the development of statin drugs, the cholesterol-lowering compounds that today are used by 16 million Americans and are the most widely prescribed medications in the United States. Their discoveries are improving more lives every year, both in the United States and around the world. New federal cholesterol guidelines will triple the number of Americans taking statin drugs to lower their cholesterol, reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke for countless people. Following these important advances, their team of dedicated researchers elucidated the role of lipid modification of proteins (protein prenylation) in cancer. In 1984 he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Joseph L. Goldstein (Co-recipient of 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine).In 1988, Brown received National Medal of Science for his contributions to the world of Medicine.

In 1993, their trainees Xiaodong Wang and Michael Briggs purified the Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). Since 1993, Drs. Brown, Goldstein, and their colleagues have described the unexpectedly complex machinery by which cells maintain the necessary levels of fats and cholesterol in the face of varying environmental circumstances. Dr. Brown holds The W. A. (Monty) Moncrief Distinguished Chair in Cholesterol and Arteriosclerosis Research; is a Regental Professor of the University of Texas; holds the Paul J. Thomas Chair in Medicine; and is a member of the Board of Scientific Directors at The Scripps Research Institute. Frequently mentioned as a candidate for nationally-prominent positions in scientific administration, Dr. Brown, like his colleague Joseph L. Goldstein, elects to continue hands-on involvement with research, leading a research team that typically includes a dozen doctoral and postdoctoral trainees. He and his colleague are among the most highly-cited scientists in the world.

Brown is also on the prestigious Prix Galien USA Committee that "recognizes the technical, scientific and clinical research skills necessary to develop innovative medicines". The inauguration of the Prix Galien in the US, the equivalent of the Nobel prize in this field, was in September 2007, and the winners were selected by a preeminent scientific and learned committee that included 7 Nobel Laureates of which Dr. Brown was one.

Awards

• 2003 Albany Medical Center Prize (shared with Joseph L. Goldstein)
• 1988 National Medal of Science^[1]
• 1985 Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine (shared with Joseph L. Goldstein)
• 1984 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (shared with Joseph L. Goldstein)

Key Papers

• Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Jul 1974). "Expression of the familial hypercholesterolemia gene in heterozygotes: mechanism for a dominant disorder in man". Science (New York, N.Y.) 185 (4145): 61–3. PMID 4366052. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4366052. 
• Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Nov 1975). "Regulation of the activity of the low density lipoprotein receptor in human fibroblasts". Cell 6 (3): 307–16. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(75)90182-8. PMID 212203. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(75)90182-8. 
• Goldstein JL, Basu SK, Brunschede GY, Brown MS (Jan 1976). "Release of low density lipoprotein from its cell surface receptor by sulfated glycosaminoglycans". Cell 7 (1): 85–95. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90258-0. PMID 181140. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(76)90258-0. 
• Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Jan 1976). "Receptor-mediated control of cholesterol metabolism". Science 191 (4223): 150–4. doi:10.1126/science.174194. PMID 174194. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=174194. 
• Goldstein JL, Sobhani MK, Faust JR, Brown MS (Oct 1976). "Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: failure of normal allele to compensate for mutant allele at a regulated genetic locus". Cell 9 (2): 195–203. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90110-0. PMID 184960. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(76)90110-0. 
• Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Dec 1976). "Analysis of a mutant strain of human fibroblasts with a defect in the internalization of receptor-bound low density lipoprotein". Cell 9 (4 PT 2): 663–74. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90130-6. PMID 189940. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(76)90130-6. 
• Anderson RG, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Mar 1977). "Role of the coated endocytic vesicle in the uptake of receptor-bound low density lipoprotein in human fibroblasts". Cell 10 (3): 351–64. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(77)90022-8. PMID 191195. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(77)90022-8. 
• Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Stone NJ (Nov 1977). "Genetics of the LDL receptor: evidence that the mutations affecting binding and internalization are allelic". Cell 12 (3): 629–41. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(77)90263-X. PMID 200368. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(77)90263-X. 
• Anderson RG, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (1977). "A mutation that impairs the ability of lipoprotein receptors to localise in coated pits on the cell surface of human fibroblasts". Nature 270 (5639): 695–9. doi:10.1038/270695a0. PMID 201867. 
• Anderson RG, Vasile E, Mello RJ, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Nov 1978). "Immunocytochemical visualization of coated pits and vesicles in human fibroblasts: relation to low density lipoprotein receptor distribution". Cell 15 (3): 919–33. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(78)90276-3. PMID 215316. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(78)90276-3. 
• Goldstein JL, Anderson RG, Brown MS (Jun 1979). "Coated pits, coated vesicles, and receptor-mediated endocytosis". Nature 279 (5715): 679–85. doi:10.1038/279679a0. PMID 221835. 
• Mello RJ, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Anderson RG (Jul 1980). "LDL receptors in coated vesicles isolated from bovine adrenal cortex: binding sites unmasked by detergent treatment". Cell 20 (3): 829–37. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(80)90329-3. PMID 6251975. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(80)90329-3. 
• Brown MS, Kovanen PT, Goldstein JL (May 1981). "Regulation of plasma cholesterol by lipoprotein receptors". Science 212 (4495): 628–35. doi:10.1126/science.6261329. PMID 6261329. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6261329. 
• Basu SK, Goldstein JL, Anderson RG, Brown MS (May 1981). "Monensin interrupts the recycling of low density lipoprotein receptors in human fibroblasts". Cell 24 (2): 493–502. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90340-8. PMID 6263497. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(81)90340-8. 
• Tolleshaug H, Goldstein JL, Schneider WJ, Brown MS (Oct 1982). "Posttranslational processing of the LDL receptor and its genetic disruption in familial hypercholesterolemia". Cell 30 (3): 715–24. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90276-8. PMID 6291781. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(82)90276-8. 
• Basu SK, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (Feb 1983). "Independent pathways for secretion of cholesterol and apolipoprotein E by macrophages". Science 219 (4586): 871–3. doi:10.1126/science.6823554. PMID 6823554. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6823554. 
• Brown MS, Anderson RG, Goldstein JL (Mar 1983). "Recycling receptors: the round-trip itinerary of migrant membrane proteins". Cell 32 (3): 663–7. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90052-1. PMID 6299572. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(83)90052-1. 
• Tolleshaug H, Hobgood KK, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Mar 1983). "The LDL receptor locus in familial hypercholesterolemia: multiple mutations disrupt transport and processing of a membrane receptor". Cell 32 (3): 941–51. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90079-X. PMID 6299582. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(83)90079-X. 
• Larkin JM, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Anderson RG (May 1983). "Depletion of intracellular potassium arrests coated pit formation and receptor-mediated endocytosis in fibroblasts". Cell 33 (1): 273–85. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90356-2. PMID 6147196. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(83)90356-2. 
• Orci L, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Garcia-Segura LM, Anderson RG (Apr 1984). "Increase in membrane cholesterol: a possible trigger for degradation of HMG CoA reductase and crystalloid endoplasmic reticulum in UT-1 cells". Cell 36 (4): 835–45. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90033-3. PMID 6705048. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(84)90033-3. 
• Chin DJ, Gil G, Russell DW, et al. (1984). "Nucleotide sequence of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, a glycoprotein of endoplasmic reticulum". Nature 308 (5960): 613–7. doi:10.1038/308613a0. PMID 6546784. 
• Russell DW, Schneider WJ, Yamamoto T, Luskey KL, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Jun 1984). "Domain map of the LDL receptor: sequence homology with the epidermal growth factor precursor". Cell 37 (2): 577–85. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90388-X. PMID 6327078. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(84)90388-X. 
• Reynolds GA, Basu SK, Osborne TF, et al. (Aug 1984). "HMG CoA reductase: a negatively regulated gene with unusual promoter and 5' untranslated regions". Cell 38 (1): 275–85. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90549-X. PMID 6088070. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(84)90549-X. 
• Yamamoto T, Davis CG, Brown MS, et al. (Nov 1984). "The human LDL receptor: a cysteine-rich protein with multiple Alu sequences in its mRNA". Cell 39 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90188-0. PMID 6091915. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(84)90188-0. 
• Lehrman MA, Schneider WJ, Südhof TC, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Russell DW (Jan 1985). "Mutation in LDL receptor: Alu-Alu recombination deletes exons encoding transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains". Science 227 (4683): 140–6. doi:10.1126/science.3155573. PMID 3155573. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3155573. 
• Südhof TC, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Russell DW (May 1985). "The LDL receptor gene: a mosaic of exons shared with different proteins". Science 228 (4701): 815–22. doi:10.1126/science.2988123. PMID 2988123. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2988123. 
• Südhof TC, Russell DW, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Sanchez-Pescador R, Bell GI (May 1985). "Cassette of eight exons shared by genes for LDL receptor and EGF precursor". Science 228 (4701): 893–5. doi:10.1126/science.3873704. PMID 3873704. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3873704. 
• Gil G, Faust JR, Chin DJ, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (May 1985). "Membrane-bound domain of HMG CoA reductase is required for sterol-enhanced degradation of the enzyme". Cell 41 (1): 249–58. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90078-9. PMID 3995584. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(85)90078-9. 
• Lehrman MA, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Russell DW, Schneider WJ (Jul 1985). "Internalization-defective LDL receptors produced by genes with nonsense and frameshift mutations that truncate the cytoplasmic domain". Cell 41 (3): 735–43. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(85)80054-4. PMID 3924410. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092-8674(85)80054-4. 
• Osborne TF, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (Aug 1985). "5' end of HMG CoA reductase gene contains sequences responsible for cholesterol-mediated inhibition of transcription". Cell 42 (1): 203–12. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(85)80116-1. PMID 3860301. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092-8674(85)80116-1. 
• Brown MS, Goldstein JL (1985). "Scavenger cell receptor shared". Nature 316 (6030): 680–1. doi:10.1038/316680a0. PMID 4033768. 
• Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Apr 1986). "A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis". Science 232 (4746): 34–47. doi:10.1126/science.3513311. PMID 3513311. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3513311. 
• Davis CG, Lehrman MA, Russell DW, Anderson RG, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Apr 1986). "The J.D. mutation in familial hypercholesterolemia: amino acid substitution in cytoplasmic domain impedes internalization of LDL receptors". Cell 45 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90533-7. PMID 3955657. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(86)90533-7. 
• Yamamoto T, Bishop RW, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Russell DW (Jun 1986). "Deletion in cysteine-rich region of LDL receptor impedes transport to cell surface in WHHL rabbit". Science 232 (4755): 1230–7. doi:10.1126/science.3010466. PMID 3010466. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3010466. 
• Lehrman MA, Goldstein JL, Russell DW, Brown MS (Mar 1987). "Duplication of seven exons in LDL receptor gene caused by Alu-Alu recombination in a subject with familial hypercholesterolemia". Cell 48 (5): 827–35. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90079-1. PMID 3815525. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(87)90079-1. 
• Südhof TC, Russell DW, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Mar 1987). "42 bp element from LDL receptor gene confers end-product repression by sterols when inserted into viral TK promoter". Cell 48 (6): 1061–9. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90713-6. PMID 3030558. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(87)90713-6. 
• Davis CG, Goldstein JL, Südhof TC, Anderson RG, Russell DW, Brown MS (1987). "Acid-dependent ligand dissociation and recycling of LDL receptor mediated by growth factor homology region". Nature 326 (6115): 760–5. doi:10.1038/326760a0. PMID 3494949. 
• Hofmann SL, Russell DW, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Hammer RE (Mar 1988). "Overexpression of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor eliminates LDL from plasma in transgenic mice". Science 239 (4845): 1277–81. doi:10.1126/science.3344433. PMID 3344433. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3344433. 
• Reiss Y, Goldstein JL, Seabra MC, Casey PJ, Brown MS (Jul 1990). "Inhibition of purified p21ras farnesyl:protein transferase by Cys-AAX tetrapeptides". Cell 62 (1): 81–8. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90242-7. PMID 2194674. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(90)90242-7. 
• Yokode M, Hammer RE, Ishibashi S, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Nov 1990). "Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in mice: prevention by overexpression of LDL receptors". Science 250 (4985): 1273–5. doi:10.1126/science.2244210. PMID 2244210. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2244210. 
• Seabra MC, Reiss Y, Casey PJ, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (May 1991). "Protein farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase share a common alpha subunit". Cell 65 (3): 429–34. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90460-G. PMID 2018975. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(91)90460-G. 
• Chen WJ, Andres DA, Goldstein JL, Russell DW, Brown MS (Jul 1991). "cDNA cloning and expression of the peptide-binding beta subunit of rat p21ras farnesyltransferase, the counterpart of yeast DPR1/RAM1". Cell 66 (2): 327–34. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90622-6. PMID 1855253. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(91)90622-6. 
• Seabra MC, Brown MS, Slaughter CA, Südhof TC, Goldstein JL (Sep 1992). "Purification of component A of Rab geranylgeranyl transferase: possible identity with the choroideremia gene product". Cell 70 (6): 1049–57. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90253-9. PMID 1525821. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(92)90253-9. 
• Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Oct 1992). "Koch's postulates for cholesterol". Cell 71 (2): 187–8. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90346-E. PMID 1423585. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(92)90346-E. 
• Andres DA, Seabra MC, Brown MS, et al. (Jun 1993). "cDNA cloning of component A of Rab geranylgeranyl transferase and demonstration of its role as a Rab escort protein". Cell 73 (6): 1091–9. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90639-8. PMID 8513495. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(93)90639-8. 
• Yokoyama C, Wang X, Briggs MR, et al. (Oct 1993). "SREBP-1, a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein that controls transcription of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene". Cell 75 (1): 187–97. PMID 8402897. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(93)90690-R. 
• Garcia CK, Goldstein JL, Pathak RK, Anderson RG, Brown MS (Mar 1994). "Molecular characterization of a membrane transporter for lactate, pyruvate, and other monocarboxylates: implications for the Cori cycle". Cell 76 (5): 865–73. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90361-1. PMID 8124722. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(94)90361-1. 
• Wang X, Sato R, Brown MS, Hua X, Goldstein JL (Apr 1994). "SREBP-1, a membrane-bound transcription factor released by sterol-regulated proteolysis". Cell 77 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90234-8. PMID 8156598. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0092-8674(94)90234-8. 
• Sakai J, Duncan EA, Rawson RB, Hua X, Brown MS, Goldstein JL (Jun 1996). "Sterol-regulated release of SREBP-2 from cell membranes requires two sequential cleavages, one within a transmembrane segment". Cell 85 (7): 1037–46. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81304-5. PMID 8674110. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092-8674(00)81304-5. 
• Hua X, Nohturfft A, Goldstein JL, Brown MS (Nov 1996). "Sterol resistance in CHO cells traced to point mutation in SREBP cleavage-activating protein". Cell 87 (3): 415–26. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81362-8. PMID 8898195. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092-8674(00)81362-8. 
• Brown MS, Goldstein JL (May 1997). "The SREBP pathway: regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor". Cell 89 (3): 331–40. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80213-5. PMID 9150132. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092-8674(00)80213-5. 
• DeBose-Boyd RA, Brown MS, Li WP, Nohturfft A, Goldstein JL, Espenshade PJ (Dec 1999). "Transport-dependent proteolysis of SREBP: relocation of site-1 protease from Golgi to ER obviates the need for SREBP transport to Golgi". Cell 99 (7): 703–12. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81668-2. PMID 10619424. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092-8674(00)81668-2. 
• Brown MS, Ye J, Rawson RB, Goldstein JL (Feb 2000). "Regulated intramembrane proteolysis: a control mechanism conserved from bacteria to humans". Cell 100 (4): 391–8. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80675-3. PMID 10693756. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092-8674(00)80675-3. 
• Nohturfft A, Yabe D, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Espenshade PJ (Aug 2000). "Regulated step in cholesterol feedback localized to budding of SCAP from ER membranes". Cell 102 (3): 315–23. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00037-4. PMID 10975522. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092-8674(00)00037-4. 
• Yang T, Espenshade PJ, Wright ME, et al. (Aug 2002). "Crucial step in cholesterol homeostasis: sterols promote binding of SCAP to INSIG-1, a membrane protein that facilitates retention of SREBPs in ER". Cell 110 (4): 489–500. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00872-3. PMID 12202038. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867402008723. 

See also

• Stormie Jones

References

1. ↑ National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science

• "Biography: Michael S. Brown". The Notable Names Database. Soylent Communications. 2008. http://www.nndb.com/people/174/000123802. Retrieved 2008-06-15. 

External links

• Information about Dr. Brown's current work.
• The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
• http://www.prix-galien-usa.com/ The official Site of the Prix Galien USA Award

Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek (1976) · Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow (1977) · Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith (1978) · Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield (1979) · Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell (1980) · Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel (1981) · Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane (1982) · Barbara McClintock (1983) · Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein (1984) · Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein (1985) · Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986) · Susumu Tonegawa (1987) · James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings (1988) · J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus (1989) · Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas (1990) · Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann (1991) · Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs (1992) · Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp (1993) · Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell (1994) · Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus (1995) · Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel (1996) · Stanley B. Prusiner (1997) · Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad (1998) · Günter Blobel (1999) · Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel (2000) Complete roster · 1901–1925 · 1926–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present

United States National Medal of Science laureates   Behavioral and social science 1960s 1964: Roger Adams · Othmar H. Ammann · Theodosius Dobzhansky · Neal Elgar Miller 1980s 1986: Herbert A. Simon · 1987: Anne Anastasi · George J. Stigler · 1988: Milton Friedman 1990s 1990: Leonid Hurwicz · Patrick Suppes · 1991: Robert W. Kates · George A. Miller · 1992: Eleanor J. Gibson · 1994: Robert K. Merton · 1995: Roger N. Shepard · 1996: Paul Samuelson · 1997: William K. Estes · 1998: William Julius Wilson · 1999: Robert M. Solow 2000s 2000: Gary Becker · 2001: George Bass · 2003: R. Duncan Luce · 2004: Kenneth Arrow · 2005: Gordon H. Bower · 2008: Michael I. Posner   Biological sciences 1960s 1963: C. B. van Niel · 1964: Marshall W. Nirenberg · 1965: Francis P. Rous · George G. Simpson · Donald D. Van Slyke · 1966: Edward F. Knipling · Fritz Albert Lipmann · William C. Rose · Sewall Wright · 1967: Kenneth S. Cole · Harry F. Harlow · Michael Heidelberger · Alfred H. Sturtevant · 1968: Horace Barker · Bernard B. Brodie · Detlev W. Bronk · Jay Lush · Burrhus Frederic Skinner · 1969: Robert Huebner · Ernst Mayr 1970s 1970: Barbara McClintock · Albert B. Sabin · 1973: Daniel I. Arnon · Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. · 1974: Britton Chance · Erwin Chargaff · James V. Neel · James Augustine Hannon · 1975: Hallowell Davis · Paul Gyorgy · Sterling Brown Hendricks · Orville lvin Vogel · 1976: Roger C.L. Guillemin · Keith Roberts Porter · Efraim Racker · E. O. Wilson · 1979: Robert H. Burris · Elizabeth C. Crosby · Arthur Kornberg · Severo Ochoa · Earl Reece Stadtman · George Ledyard Stebbins · Paul Alfred Weiss 1980s 1981: Philip Handler · 1982: Seymour Benzer · Glenn W. Burton · Mildred Cohn · 1983: Howard L. Bachrach · Paul Berg · Wendell L. Roelofs · Berta Scharrer · 1986: Stanley Cohen · Donald A. Henderson · Vernon B. Mountcastle · George Emil Palade · Joan A. Steitz · 1987: Michael E. Debakey · Theodor O. Diener · Harry Eagle · Har Gobind Khorana · Rita Levi-Montalcini · 1988: Michael S. Brown · Stanley Norman Cohen · Joseph L. Goldstein · Maurice R. Hilleman · Eric R. Kandel · Rosalyn S. Yalow · 1989: Katherine Esau · Viktor Hamburger · Philip Leder · Joshua Lederberg · Roger W. Sperry · Harland G. Wood 1990s 1990: Baruj Benacerraf · Herbert W. Boyer · Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. · Edward B. Lewis · David G. Nathan · E. Donnall Thomas · 1991: Mary Ellen Avery · G. Evelyn Hutchinson · Elvin A. Kabat · Salvador Luria · Paul A. Marks · Folke K Skoog · Paul C. Zamecnik · 1992: Maxine Singer · Howard M. Temin · 1993: Daniel Nathans · Salome G. Waelsch · 1994: Thomas Eisner · Elizabeth F. Neufeld · 1995: Alexander Rich · 1996: Ruth Patrick · 1997: James D. Watson · Robert A. Weinberg · 1998: Bruce Ames · Janet Rowley · 1999: David Baltimore · Jared Diamond · Lynn Margulis 2000s 2000: Nancy C. Andreasen · Peter H. Raven · Carl Woese · 2001: Francisco J. Ayala · Mario R. Capecchi · Ann M. Graybiel · Gene E. Likens · Victor A. McKusick · Harold Varmus · 2002: James E. Darnell · Evelyn M. Witkin · 2003: J. Michael Bishop · Solomon H. Snyder · Charles Yanofsky · 2004: Norman E. Borlaug · Phillip A. Sharp · Thomas E. Starzl · 2005: Anthony Fauci · Torsten N. Wiesel · 2006: Rita R. Colwell · Nina Fedoroff · Lubert Stryer · 2007: Robert J. Lefkowitz · Bert W. O'Malley · 2008: Francis S. Collins · Elaine Fuchs · J. Craig Venter   Chemistry 1980s 1982: F. Albert Cotton · Gilbert Stork · 1983: Roald Hoffmann · George C. Pimentel · Richard N. Zare · 1986: Harry B. Gray · Yuan Tseh Lee · Carl S. Marvel · Frank H. Westheimer · 1987: William S. Johnson · Walter H. Stockmayer · Max Tishler · 1988: William O. Baker · Konrad E. Bloch · Elias J. Corey · 1989: Richard B. Bernstein · Melvin Calvin · Rudoph A. Marcus · Harden M. McConnell 1990s 1990: Elkan Blout · Karl Folkers · John D. Roberts · 1991: Ronald Breslow · Gertrude B. Elion · Dudley R. Herschbach · Glenn T. Seaborg · 1992: Howard E. Simmons, Jr. · 1993: Donald J. Cram · Norman Hackerman · 1994: George S. Hammond · 1995: Thomas Cech · Isabella L. Karle · 1996: Norman Davidson · 1997: Darleane C. Hoffman · Harold S. Johnston · 1998: John W. Cahn · George M. Whitesides · 1999: Stuart A. Rice · John Ross · Susan Solomon 2000s 2000: John D. Baldeschwieler · Ralph F. Hirschmann · 2001: Ernest R. Davidson · Gabor A. Somorjai · 2002: John I. Brauman · 2004: Stephen J. Lippard · 2006: Marvin H. Caruthers · Peter B. Dervan · 2007: Mostafa A. El-Sayed · 2008: Joanna S. Fowler · JoAnne Stubbe   Engineering sciences 1960s 1962: Theodore von Karman · 1963: Vannevar Bush · John Robinson Pierce · 1964: Charles S. Draper · 1965: Hugh L. Dryden · Clarence L. Johnson · Warren K. Lewis · 1966: Claude E. Shannon · 1967: Edwin H. Land · Igor I. Sikorsky · 1968: J. Presper Eckert · Nathan M. Newmark · 1969: Jack St. Clair Kilby 1970s 1970: George E. Mueller · 1973: Harold E. Edgerton · Richard T. Whitcomb · 1974: Rudolf Kompfner · Ralph Brazelton Peck · Abel Wolman · 1975: Manson Benedict · William Hayward Pickering · Frederick E. Terman · Wernher von Braun · 1976: Morris Cohen · Peter C. Goldmark · Erwin Wilhelm Müller · 1979: Emmett N. Leith · Raymond D. Mindlin · Robert N. Noyce · Earl R. Parker · Simon Ramo 1980s 1982: Edward H. Heinemann · Donald L. Katz · 1983: William R. Hewlett · George M. Low · John G. Trump · 1986: Hans Wolfgang Liepmann · T. Y. Lin · Bernard M. Oliver · 1987: R. Byron Bird · H. Bolton Seed · Ernst Weber · 1988: Daniel C. Drucker · Willis M. Hawkins · George W. Housner · 1989: Harry George Drickamer · Herbert E. Grier 1990s 1990: Mildred S. Dresselhaus · Nick Holonyak Jr. · 1991: George Heilmeier · Luna B. Leopold · H. Guyford Stever · 1992: Calvin F. Quate · John Roy Whinnery · 1993: Alfred Y. Cho · 1994: Ray W. Clough · 1995: Hermann A. Haus · 1996: James L. Flanagan · C. Kumar N. Patel · 1998: Eli Ruckenstein · 1999: Kenneth N. Stevens 2000s 2000: Yuan-Cheng B. Fung · 2001: Andreas Acrivos · 2002: Leo Beranek · 2003: John M. Prausnitz · 2004: Edwin N. Lightfoot · 2005: Jan D. Achenbach · Tobin J. Marks · 2006: Robert S. Langer · 2007: David J. Wineland · 2008: Rudolf E. Kalman   Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences 1960s 1963: Norbert Wiener · 1964: Solomon Lefschetz · H. Marston Morse · 1965: Oscar Zariski · 1966: John Milnor · 1967: Paul Cohen · 1968: Jerzy Neyman · 1969: William Feller 1970s 1970: Richard Brauer · 1973: John Tukey · 1974: Kurt Gödel · 1975: John W. Backus · Shiing-Shen Chern · George Dantzig · 1976: Kurt Otto Friedrichs · Hassler Whitney · 1979: Joseph Leo Doob · Donald E. Knuth 1980s 1982: Marshall Harvey Stone · 1983: Herman Goldstine · Isadore Singer · 1986: Peter Lax · Antoni Zygmund · 1987: Raoul Bott · Michael Freedman · 1988: Ralph E. Gomory · Joseph B. Keller · 1989: Samuel Karlin · Saunders MacLane · Donald C. Spencer 1990s 1990: George F. Carrier · Stephen Cole Kleene · John McCarthy · 1991: Alberto Calderón · 1992: Allen Newell · 1993: Martin David Kruskal · 1994: John Cocke · 1995: Louis Nirenberg · 1996: Richard Karp · Stephen Smale · 1997: Shing-Tung Yau · 1998: Cathleen Synge Morawetz · 1999: Felix Browder · Ronald R. Coifman 2000s 2000: John Griggs Thompson · Karen K. Uhlenbeck · 2001: Calyampudi R. Rao · Elias M. Stein · 2002: James G. Glimm · 2003: Carl R. de Boor · 2004: Dennis P. Sullivan · 2005: Bradley Efron · 2006: Hyman Bass · 2007: Leonard Kleinrock · Andrew J. Viterbi ·   Physical sciences 1960s 1963: Luis W. Alvarez · 1964: Julian Schwinger · Harold Clayton Urey · Robert Burns Woodward · 1965: John Bardeen · Peter Debye · Leon M. Lederman · William Rubey · 1966: Jacob Bjerknes · Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar · Henry Eyring · John H. Van Vleck · Vladimir K. Zworykin · 1967: Jesse Beams · Francis Birch · Gregory Breit · Louis Hammett · George Kistiakowsky · 1968: Paul Bartlett · Herbert Friedman · Lars Onsager · Eugene Wigner · 1969: Herbert C. Brown · Wolfgang Panofsky 1970s 1970: Robert H. Dicke · Allan R. Sandage · John C. Slater · John A. Wheeler · Saul Winstein · 1973: Carl Djerassi · Maurice Ewing · Arie Jan Haagen-Smit · Vladimir Haensel · Frederick Seitz · Robert Rathbun Wilson · 1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen · Paul Flory · William Alfred Fowler · Linus Carl Pauling · Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer · 1975: Hans A. Bethe · Joseph Hirschfelder · Lewis Sarett · E. Bright Wilson · Chien-Shiung Wu · 1976: Samuel Goudsmit · Herbert S. Gutowsky · Frederick Rossini · Verner Suomi · Henry Taube · George Uhlenbeck · 1979: Richard P. Feynman · Herman Mark · Edward M. Purcell · John Sinfelt · Lyman Spitzer · Victor F. Weisskopf 1980s 1982: Philip W. Anderson · Yoichiro Nambu · Edward Teller · Charles H. Townes · 1983: E. Margaret Burbidge · Maurice Goldhaber · Helmut Landsberg · Walter Munk · Frederick Reines · Bruno B. Rossi · J. Robert Schrieffer · 1986: Solomon Buchsbaum · Horace Crane · Herman Feshbach · Robert Hofstadter · Chen Ning Yang · 1987: Philip Abelson · Walter Elsasser · Paul C. Lauterbur · George Pake · James A. Van Allen · 1988: D. Allan Bromley · Paul Ching-Wu Chu · Walter Kohn · Norman F. Ramsey · Jack Steinberger · 1989: Arnold O. Beckman · Eugene Parker · Robert Sharp · Henry Stommel 1990s 1990: Allan M. Cormack · Edwin M. McMillan · Robert Pound · Roger Revelle · 1991: Arthur L. Schawlow · Ed Stone · Steven Weinberg · 1992: Eugene M. Shoemaker · 1993: Val Fitch · Vera Rubin · 1994: Albert Overhauser · Frank Press · 1995: Hans Dehmelt · Peter Goldreich · 1996: Wallace S. Broecker · 1997: Marshall Rosenbluth · Martin Schwarzschild · George Wetherill · 1998: Don L. Anderson · John N. Bahcall · 1999: James Cronin · Leo Kadanoff 2000s 2000: Willis E. Lamb · Jeremiah P. Ostriker · Gilbert F. White · 2001: Marvin L. Cohen · Raymond Davis Jr. · Charles Keeling · 2002: Richard Garwin · W. Jason Morgan · Edward Witten · 2003: G. Brent Dalrymple · Riccardo Giacconi · 2004: Robert N. Clayton · 2005: Ralph A. Alpher · Lonnie Thompson · 2006: Daniel Kleppner · 2007: Fay Ajzenberg-Selove · Charles P. Slichter · 2009: Berni Alder · James E. Gunn

Persondata
Name	Brown, Michael Stuart
Alternative names
Short description	American biologist
Date of birth	April 13, 1941
Place of birth	Brooklyn, New York
Date of death
Place of death